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Best Introduction-to-Cryptography Vce - WGU Dumps Introduction-to-Cryptography Collection: WGU Introduction to Cryptography HNO1 Pass Certify

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WGU Introduction to Cryptography HNO1 Sample Questions (Q57-Q62):

NEW QUESTION # 57
(What are the roles of keys when using digital signatures?)

• A. A private key is used for both signing and signature validation.
• B. A private key is used for signing, and a public key is used for signature validation.
• C. A public key is used for both signing and signature validation.
• D. A public key is used for signing, and a private key is used for signature validation.

Answer: B

NEW QUESTION # 58
(How does adding salt to a password improve security?)

• A. Salt prevents users from reusing the same password.
• B. Salt creates a different hash if two people use the same password.
• C. Salt enforces the complexity rules for passwords.
• D. Salt ensures two people do not have the same password.

Answer: B

Explanation:
A salt is a unique, random value stored alongside a password hash and combined with the password during hashing. Its main security benefit is that it ensures identical passwords do not produce identical hashes across different accounts or systems. If two users choose the same password, their stored hashes will differ because their salts differ, which directly prevents attackers from spotting shared passwords by comparing hashes. Salts also defeat precomputation attacks such as rainbow tables, because an attacker would need to regenerate tables for each possible salt value-a task that becomes infeasible when salts are large and unique per password. Salt does not enforce password complexity rules (that's a policy/validation function), does not guarantee users choose different passwords, and does not prevent password reuse across sites. The correct statement is that salt makes the resulting hash different even for the same password, improving resistance to offline cracking at scale and eliminating the "same hash
= same password" shortcut attackers rely on.

NEW QUESTION # 59
(Which default port must be allowed by firewalls for the key exchange of the IPsec handshaking process to be successful?)

• A. UDP 443
• B. TCP 443
• C. UDP 500
• D. TCP 500

Answer: C

Explanation:
IPsec's initial key exchange is commonly performed using IKE (Internet Key Exchange), which negotiates Security Associations (SAs), authenticates peers, and establishes shared keys for ESP/AH protection. The traditional and default transport for IKEv1 and IKEv2 is UDP port 500. During negotiation, peers exchange proposals (crypto suites), perform Diffie-Hellman to derive key material, and authenticate using pre-shared keys, certificates, or EAP methods. If a firewall blocks UDP 500, the IKE negotiation cannot begin, preventing IPsec tunnels from forming. In many real deployments, NAT traversal is also used; in that case, traffic typically shifts to UDP 4500 (NAT-T) after detection of NAT, but UDP 500 is still required for the initial exchange and NAT detection in many configurations. TCP
500 is not standard for IKE. Port 443 is associated with HTTPS/TLS and some SSL VPNs, not IPsec IKE. Therefore, among the options provided, the firewall must allow UDP 500 for IPsec key exchange to succeed.

NEW QUESTION # 60
(Which cryptographic operation uses a single key?)

• A. Symmetric
• B. Hashing
• C. Padding
• D. Asymmetric

Answer: A

Explanation:
Symmetric cryptography uses a single shared secret key for both encryption and decryption. This contrasts with asymmetric cryptography, which uses a key pair (public/private). Symmetric algorithms (like AES, ChaCha20) are efficient and well-suited for bulk data encryption, but they require a secure method for key distribution because both parties must possess the same secret. Hashing is not a keyed operation by default (though HMAC is keyed); it maps arbitrary data to a fixed-size digest and is primarily used for integrity checking, fingerprints, and password hashing constructions. Padding is a data formatting technique (e.g., PKCS#7) used to align plaintext to a block size; it is not a cryptographic "operation" that uses a key. Therefore, the cryptographic operation characterized by using one key shared between parties is symmetric encryption. In real systems, symmetric encryption is frequently combined with asymmetric methods for key exchange and with MACs/AEAD for integrity, producing the standard hybrid approach used in protocols like TLS and IPsec.

NEW QUESTION # 61
(What is the length (in bits) of a SHA-1 hash output?)

• A. 0
• B. 1
• C. 2
• D. 3

Answer: C

Explanation:
SHA-1 (Secure Hash Algorithm 1) produces a fixed-size output of 160 bits (20 bytes). Hash output size matters in cryptography because it influences collision resistance and the effort required for various attacks. For an ideal n-bit hash, finding a collision by generic means is expected around 2

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